National Land Cover Database Zone 12 Tree Canopy Layer

Metadata also available as

Metadata:

Identification_Information:
Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
Publication_Date: 20030901
Title: National Land Cover Database Zone 12 Tree Canopy Layer
Edition: 1.0
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image
Series_Information:
Series_Name: None
Issue_Identification: None
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Sioux Falls, SD
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
Other_Citation_Details:
References: Homer, C., C. Huang, L. Yang, B. Wylie and M. Coan, 2004. Development of a 2001 national land cover database for the United States. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing.

Huang, C., L. Yang, B. Wylie, and C. Homer, 2001. A strategy for estimating tree canopy density using Landsat 7 ETM+ and high resolution images over large areas. In: Third International Conference on Geospatial Information in Agriculture and Forestry; November 5-7, 2001; Denver, Colorado. CD-ROM, 1 disk.

The USGS acknowledges the support of Earth Satellite Corporation in development of data in this zone.

Online_Linkage: <http://www.mrlc.gov>
Description:
Abstract:
The National Land Cover Database 2001 tree canopy layer for mapping zone 12 was produced through a cooperative project conducted by the Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) Consortium. The MRLC Consortium is a partnership of federal agencies (www.mrlc.gov), consisting of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the U.S. Forest Service (USFS), the National Park Service (NPS), the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). One of the primary goals of the project is to generate a current, consistent, seamless, and accurate National Land cover Database (NLCD) circa 2001 for the United States at medium spatial resolution. For a detailed definition and discussion on MRLC and the NLCD 2001 products, refer to Homer et al. (2003) and <http://www.mrlc.gov/mrlc2k.asp>.

The NLCD 2001 was created by partitioning the U.S. into mapping zones. A total of 66 mapping zones were delineated within the conterminous U.S. based on ecoregion and geographical characteristics, edge matching features and the size requirement of Landsat mosaics. Mapping zone 12 encompasses whole or portions of several states including the states of Nevada and California. Questions about the NLCD mapping zone 12 can be directed to the NLCD 2001 land cover mapping team at the USGS/EROS, Sioux Falls, SD (605) 594-6151 or mrlc@usgs.gov.

Purpose:
The goal of this project is to provide the Nation with complete, current and consistent public domain information on its land use and land cover.
Supplemental_Information:
Corner Coordinates (center of pixel, projection meters) Upper Left Corner: -2051160 meters(X), 2315670 meters(Y) Lower Right Corner: -1557810 meters(X), 1721100 meters(Y)
Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 19990911
Ending_Date: 20030408
Currentness_Reference: ground condition
Status:
Progress: Complete
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: As needed
Spatial_Domain:
Bounding_Coordinates:
West_Bounding_Coordinate: -121.009858
East_Bounding_Coordinate: -113.825176
North_Bounding_Coordinate: 42.420025
South_Bounding_Coordinate: 36.267336
Keywords:
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Theme_Keyword: tree canopy
Theme_Keyword: GIS
Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey
Theme_Keyword: USGS
Theme_Keyword: digital spatial data
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Category
Theme_Keyword: imagery
Theme_Keyword: Base Maps
Theme_Keyword: Earth Cover
Place:
Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:
U.S. Department of Commerce, 1995, Countries, dependencies, areas of special sovereignty, and their principal administrative divisions, Federal Information Processing Standard 10-4,): Washington, D.C., National Institute of Standards and Technology
Place_Keyword: United States
Place_Keyword: U.S.
Place_Keyword: US
Place:
Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Place_Keyword: zone 12
Place:
Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:
U.S. Department of Commerce, 1987, Codes for the identification of the States, the District of Columbia and the outlying areas of the United States, and associated areas (Federal Information Processing Standard 5-2): Washington, D.C., National Institute of Standards and Technology
Place_Keyword: Nevada
Place_Keyword: NV
Place_Keyword: California
Place_Keyword: CA
Access_Constraints: None
Use_Constraints: None
Point_of_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
Contact_Position: Customer Services Representative
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address: USGS/EROS
Address: 47914 252nd Street
City: Sioux Falls
State_or_Province: SD
Postal_Code: 57198-0001
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 605/594-6151
Contact_TDD/TTY_Telephone: 605/594-6933
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 605/594-6589
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: custserv@usgs.gov
Hours_of_Service: 0800 - 1600 CT, M - F (-6h CST/-5h CDT GMT)
Contact_Instructions:
The USGS point of contact is for questions relating to the data display and download from this web site. For questions regarding data content and quality, refer to: <http://www.mrlc.gov/mrlc2k.asp> or email: mrlc@usgs.gov
Data_Set_Credit: U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Satellite Corporation
Security_Information:
Security_Classification_System: None
Security_Classification: Unclassified
Security_Handling_Description: N/A
Native_Data_Set_Environment:
Microsoft Windows 2000 Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 1; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.0.0.535
Data_Quality_Information:
Attribute_Accuracy:
Attribute_Accuracy_Report:
Regression tree algorithms employed in NLCD 2001 mapping offer a cross-validation option for assessing classification and prediction reliability. Cross-validation can provide relatively reliable estimates for tree canopy predictions if the reference data used for cross-validation are collected based on a statistically valid sampling design. For mapping zone 12 tree canopy modeling, a 5-fold cross-validation was conducted by dividing the entire training data set into 5 subsets of equal size. For each model run, an accuracy estimate was derived using one subset to evaluate the model prediction (with the model developed using the remaining training samples). This process was repeated 5 times. After all 5 runs, an average value of all accuracy estimates and standard errors from the 5 runs were computed. Users should be cautioned that these cross-validation results provide users with only first-order estimates of data quality, and should not be considered a formal accuracy assessment.
Quantitative_Attribute_Accuracy_Assessment:
Attribute_Accuracy_Value: 89.5
Attribute_Accuracy_Explanation:
The above listed value is the overall accuracy obtained for tree canopy in the cross-validation study for mapping zone 12.
Logical_Consistency_Report:
15 1-m resolution DOQQs across mapping zone 12 were classified into either tree canopy or non-tree canopy areas, and then values summed within each 30 meter Landsat pixel cell to obtain the percentage of tree canopy.
Completeness_Report:
This NLCD product of mapping zone 12 Tree Canopy layer is the version dated 08-05-2005.
Positional_Accuracy:
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: N/A
Vertical_Positional_Accuracy:
Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: N/A
Lineage:
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
The method employed to map tree canopy density for NLCD 2001 consists of three key steps: deriving reference data of tree canopy density from the high spatial resolution images, calibrating density prediction models using reference data and Landsat spectral bands, and extrapolating the developed models spatially to map per-pixel tree canopy density. This method is described in detail in Huang et al. (2001). This approach was applied to mapping zone 12 by Earth Satellite Corporation.
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat ETM, DOQQ, USGS/EROS
Process_Date: Unknown
Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: USGS NLCD
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: Earth Satellite Corporation
Contact_Person: David Cunningham
Contact_Position: Vice President, Environmental/GIS Services
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing address
Address: 6011 Executive Blvd., Suite 400
City: Rockville
State_or_Province: MD
Postal_Code: 20852
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 240-833-8200
Contact_TDD/TTY_Telephone: NA
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 240-833-8201
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dcunningham@earthsat.com
Hours_of_Service: 8.00. a.m. - 5.00. P.M. ET M-F
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
To develop adequate training data for tree canopy density estimation, 15 1-m resolution DOQQs across mapping zone 12 were classified into either tree canopy or non-tree canopy areas, and then values summed within each 30 meter Landsat pixel cell to obtain the percentage of tree canopy. The training data were selected based on the degree of variance each training data set possesses with regards to Landsat ETM+ imagery used for mapping. Each added training data set decreased the amount of variance present within the Landsat data as a whole. The process was repeated until the required number of samples (15) had been allocated. By combining the training data with Landsat spectral data and other ancillary data, tree canopy prediction models were developed using "Cubist". After the best combination of possible input data layers had been determined and the final percent canopy density layer produced, a mask was made from the final land cover classification of the mapping zone and was used to eliminate those pixels from the canopy density file that fall into non-forested areas. The mask includes 5 land cover classes (deciduous forest, coniferous forest, mixed forest, woody wetlands, and developed open space).

Acquisition dates of Landsat ETM+ (TM) scenes used for land cover classification in this zone are as follows:
SPRING-
Index 1 for Path 39/Row 34 on 05/03/00 = Scene_ID 7039034000012450
Index 2 for Path 40/Row 31 on 04/08/00 = Scene_ID 7040031000009950
Index 2 for Path 40/Row 32 on 04/08/00 = Scene_ID 7040032000009950
Index 3 for Path 40/Row 33 on 04/24/00 = Scene_ID 7040033000011550
Index 2 for Path 40/Row 31 on 04/08/00 = Scene_ID 7040031000009950
Index 4 for Path 41/Row 31 on 05/04/01 = Scene_ID 7041031000112450
Index 4 for Path 41/Row 32 on 05/04/01 = Scene_ID 7041032000112450
Index 4 for Path 41/Row 33 on 05/04/01 = Scene_ID 7041033000112450
Index 5 for Path 41/Row 34 on 04/08/03 = Scene_ID 7041034000309850
Index 6 for Path 42/Row 31 on 05/11/01 = Scene_ID 7042031000113150
Index 7 for Path 42/Row 32 on 03/21/00 = Scene_ID 7042032000008150
Index 8 for Path 42/Row 33 on 04/06/00 = Scene_ID 7042033000009750
Index 8 for Path 42/Row 34 on 04/06/00 = Scene_ID 7042034000009750
Index 9 for Path 43/Row 31 on 04/29/00 = Scene_ID 7043031000012050
Index 9 for Path 43/Row 32 on 04/29/00 = Scene_ID 7043032000012050
Index10 for Path 43/Row 33 on 05/31/00 = Scene_ID 7043033000015250
Index11 for Path 44/Row 32 on 05/12/02 = Scene_ID 7044032000213250
LEAF ON (Summer)-
Index 1 for Path 39/Row 34 on 05/03/00 = Scene_ID 7039034000012450
Index 2 for Path 40/Row 31 on 07/13/00 = Scene_ID 7040031000019550
Index 2 for Path 40/Row 32 on 07/13/00 = Scene_ID 7040032000019550
Index 3 for Path 40/Row 33 on 08/14/00 = Scene_ID 7040033000022750
Index 4 for Path 40/Row 34 on 06/11/00 = Scene_ID 7040034000016350
Index 5 for Path 41/Row 31 on 07/10/02 = Scene_ID 7041031000219150
Index 6 for Path 41/Row 32 on 07/20/00 = Scene_ID 7041032000020250
Index 7 for Path 41/Row 33 on 07/20/00 = Scene_ID 7041033000020250
Index 7 for Path 41/Row 34 on 07/20/00 = Scene_ID 7041034000020250
Index 8 for Path 42/Row 31 on 07/27/00 = Scene_ID 7042031000020950
Index 8 for Path 42/Row 32 on 07/27/00 = Scene_ID 7042032000020950
Index 8 for Path 42/Row 33 on 07/27/00 = Scene_ID 7042033000020950
Index 8 for Path 42/Row 34 on 07/27/00 = Scene_ID 7042034000020950
Index 9 for Path 43/Row 31 on 06/30/99 = Scene_ID 7043031009918150
Index10 for Path 43/Row 32 on 07/16/99 = Scene_ID 7043032009919750
Index11 for Path 43/Row 33 on 07/18/00 = Scene_ID 7043033000020050
Index12 for Path 44/Row 32 on 07/28/01 = Scene_ID 7044032000120950
LEAF-OFF (Fall)-
Index 1 for Path 39/Row 34 on 10/08/99 = Scene_ID 7039034009928150
Index 2 for Path 40/Row 31 on 10/15/99 = Scene_ID 7040031009928850
Index 3 for Path 40/Row 32 on 09/29/99 = Scene_ID 7040032009927250
Index 2 for Path 40/Row 33 on 10/15/99 = Scene_ID 7040033009928850
Index 2 for Path 40/Row 34 on 10/15/99 = Scene_ID 7040034009928850
Index 4 for Path 41/Row 31 on 09/04/99 = Scene_ID 7041031009924750
Index 4 for Path 41/Row 32 on 09/04/99 = Scene_ID 7041032009924750
Index 5 for Path 41/Row 33 on 10/08/00 = Scene_ID 7041033000028250
Index 5 for Path 41/Row 34 on 10/08/00 = Scene_ID 7041034000028250
Index 6 for Path 42/Row 31 on 09/27/99 = Scene_ID 7042031009927050
Index 7 for Path 42/Row 32 on 09/11/99 = Scene_ID 7042032009925450
Index 6 for Path 42/Row 33 on 09/27/99 = Scene_ID 7042033009927050
Index 8 for Path 42/Row 34 on 10/18/01 = Scene_ID 7042034000129150
Index 9 for Path 43/Row 31 on 10/06/00 = Scene_ID 7043031000028050
Index10 for Path 43/Row 32 on 10/20/99 = Scene_ID 7043032009929350
Index 9 for Path 43/Row 33 on 10/06/00 = Scene_ID 7043033000028050
Index11 for Path 44/Row 32 on 10/19/02 = Scene_ID 7044032000229250

Landsat data and ancillary data used for the tree canopy -

Data Type of DEM composed of 1 band of Continuous Variable Type.

Data Type of Slope composed of 1 band of Continuous Variable Type.

Data Type of Aspect composed of 1 band of Categorical Variable Type.

Data type of Position Index composed of 1 band of Continuous Variable Type.

Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat ETM, DEM
Process_Date: Unknown
Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: USGS NLCD
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
Contact_Position: Customer Service Representative
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address: USGS/EROS
Address: 47914 252nd Street
City: Sioux Falls
State_or_Province: SD
Postal_Code: 57198-0001
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 605/594-6151
Contact_TDD/TTY_Telephone: 605/594-6933
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 605/594-6589
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: custserv@usgs.gov
Hours_of_Service: 0800 - 1600 CT, M - F (-6h CST/-5h CDT GMT)
Contact_Instructions:
The USGS point of contact is for questions relating to the data display and download from this web site. Questions about this NLCD mapping zone can be directed to the NLCD 2001 land cover mapping team at the USGS/EROS, Sioux Falls, SD (605) 594-6151 or mrlc@usgs.gov.
Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster
Raster_Object_Information:
Raster_Object_Type: Pixel
Row_Count: 19820
Column_Count: 16446
Vertical_Count: 1
Spatial_Reference_Information:
Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:
Planar:
Map_Projection:
Map_Projection_Name: Albers Conical Equal Area
Albers_Conical_Equal_Area:
Standard_Parallel: 29.500000
Standard_Parallel: 45.500000
Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -96.000000
Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 23.000000
False_Easting: 0.000000
False_Northing: 0.000000
Planar_Coordinate_Information:
Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column
Coordinate_Representation:
Abscissa_Resolution: 30.000000
Ordinate_Resolution: 30.000000
Planar_Distance_Units: meters
Geodetic_Model:
Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983
Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80
Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000
Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222
Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
Detailed_Description:
Entity_Type:
Entity_Type_Label: Layer_1
Entity_Type_Definition: NLDC Canopy Layer
Entity_Type_Definition_Source: National Land Cover Database 2001
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: ObjectID
Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number
Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Unrepresentable_Domain:
Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated.
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: Value
Attribute_Definition: Percent Canopy
Attribute_Definition_Source: NLCD 2001
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 0
Range_Domain_Maximum: 1
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: percentage
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: Count
Attribute_Definition:
A nominal integer value that designates the number of pixels that have each value in the file; histogram column in ERDAS Imagine raster attributes table
Attribute_Definition_Source: NLCD 2001
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Unrepresentable_Domain: Integer
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: Red
Attribute_Definition:
Red color code for RGB slice by value for canopy image display purposes. The value is arbitrarily assigned by the display software package, unless defined by user. Standard user defined ramp for NLCD project is start color light gray, end color red.
Attribute_Definition_Source: NLCD 2001
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 0
Range_Domain_Maximum: 100
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: CSS Color Value Percentage
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: Green
Attribute_Definition:
Green color code for RGB slice by value for canopy image display purposes. The value is arbitrarily assigned by the display software package, unless defined by user. Standard user defined ramp for NLCD project is start color light gray, end color red.
Attribute_Definition_Source: NLCD 2001
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 0
Range_Domain_Maximum: 100
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: CSS Color Value Percentage
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: Blue
Attribute_Definition:
Blue color code for RGB slice by value for canopy image display purposes. The value is arbitrarily assigned by the display software package, unless defined by user. Standard user defined ramp for NLCD project is start color light gray, end color red.
Attribute_Definition_Source: NLCD 2001
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 0
Range_Domain_Maximum: 100
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: CSS Color Value Percentage
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: Opacity
Attribute_Definition:
A measure of how opaque, or solid, a color is displayed in a layer.
Attribute_Definition_Source: NLCD 2001
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 0
Range_Domain_Maximum: 100
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percentage
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1
Overview_Description:
Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: Attributes defined by USGS and ESRI.
Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
Attribute accuracy is described, where present, with each attribute defined in the Entity and Attribute Section. Note: To ensure all areas of mapping zone 12 are completely covered, a 3,000 meter (100 Landsat pixels) buffer was added to the boundary of mapping zone 12.
Distribution_Information:
Distributor:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
Contact_Position: Customer Service Representative
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address: USGS/EROS
Address: 47914 252nd Street
City: Sioux Falls
State_or_Province: SD
Postal_Code: 57198-0001
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 605/594-6151
Contact_TDD/TTY_Telephone: 605/594-6933
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 605/594-6589
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: custserv@usgs.gov
Hours_of_Service: 0800 - 1600 CT, M - F (-6h CST/-5h CDT GMT)
Contact_Instructions:
The USGS point of contact is for questions relating to the data display and download from this web site. Questions about the NLCD mapping zone 12 can be directed to the NLCD 2001 land cover mapping team at the USGS/EROS, Sioux Falls, SD (605) 594-6151 or mrlc@usgs.gov.
Resource_Description: Downloadable data
Distribution_Liability:
Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the USGS, no warranty expressed or implied is made by the USGS regarding the use of the data on any other system, nor does the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Data may have been compiled from various outside sources. Spatial information may not meet National Map Accuracy Standards. This information may be updated without notification. The USGS shall not be liable for any activity involving these data, installation, fitness of the data for a particular purpose, its use, or analyses results.
Standard_Order_Process:
Digital_Form:
Digital_Transfer_Information:
Format_Name: Arc/Info Export Format and/or ArcView Shapefile
Format_Version_Number: ArcGIS 9.0
Format_Specification: ASCII
Transfer_Size: 0.001
Digital_Transfer_Option:
Online_Option:
Computer_Contact_Information:
Network_Address:
Network_Resource_Name: <http://seamless.usgs.gov>
Access_Instructions:
The URL <http://seamless.usgs.gov> provides a map interface that allows for data downloads within a customer defined area of interest. Zoom tools are available that can be used to investigate areas of interest on the map interface. The download tool allows the customer to capture layers from the map, utilizing the Seamless Data Distribution System process for downloading. A request summary page is then generated with the download layers listed. By clicking the "download" button on the summary page, a zipped file will be generated that can be saved on the customer's computer. The file can then be unzipped and imported into various user software applications.
Online_Computer_and_Operating_System: Not available for dissemination
Fees: None
Ordering_Instructions: Contact Customer Services
Turnaround: Variable
Custom_Order_Process: Contact Customer Services Representative
Technical_Prerequisites:
ESRI ArcMap Suite and/or Arc/Info software, and supporting operating systems.
Metadata_Reference_Information:
Metadata_Date: 20051024
Metadata_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
Contact_Position: Customer Services Representative
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address: USGS/EROS
Address: 47914 252nd Street
City: Sioux Falls
State_or_Province: SD
Postal_Code: 57198-0001
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 605/594-6151
Contact_TDD/TTY_Telephone: 605/594-6933
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 605/594-6589
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: custserv@usgs.gov
Hours_of_Service: 0800 - 1600 CT, M - F (-6h CST/-5h CDT GMT)
Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata
Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998
Metadata_Time_Convention: local time
Metadata_Access_Constraints: None
Metadata_Use_Constraints: None
Metadata_Security_Information:
Metadata_Security_Classification_System: None
Metadata_Security_Classification: None
Metadata_Security_Handling_Description: None
Metadata_Extensions:
Online_Linkage: <http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html>
Profile_Name: ESRI Metadata Profile
Generated by mp version 2.8.6 on Mon Oct 24 14:46:50 2005